Comparative Analysis of "ROKS Jeongjo the Great" & "Canadian Surface Combatant"

1. Executive Summary

This report presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the ROKS Jeongjo the Great (DDG-995) and the Canadian Surface Combatant (CSC) to inform naval procurement decisions. The Jeongjo the Great, the lead ship of the Batch-II Sejong the Great-class, represents a significant enhancement of South Korea’s naval capabilities, particularly in ballistic missile defense 1.

The Canadian Surface Combatant project aims to modernize the Royal Canadian Navy’s surface fleet with a versatile, multi-mission warship based on the BAE Systems’ Type 26 Global Combat Ship design 2. This analysis examines the technical specifications, combat capabilities, sensor suites, electronic warfare systems, aviation assets, stealth features, and procurement costs of both ship options.

Key findings indicate that the Jeongjo the Great offers a larger missile capacity and a strong focus on ballistic missile defense, while the Canadian Surface Combatant features a more advanced radar system and a potentially more comprehensive anti-submarine warfare suite. The acquisition cost and developmental timeline differ significantly between the two options.

A preliminary assessment suggests that the “best-in-class” designation depends heavily on the specific operational requirements and strategic priorities of the procuring nation, necessitating a detailed examination of each system and subsystem.

2. Introduction: Overview of ROKS Jeongjo the Great and Canadian Surface Combatant

2.1 ROKS Jeongjo the Great (DDG-995)

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great, with pennant number DDG-995, is the first of four Batch-II Sejong the Great-class guided missile destroyers built for the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) 3. Also known as the King Jeongjo-class or Gwanggaeto-III Batch-II class, this vessel was delivered to the ROKN on November 27, 2024, by HD Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) 1. Named after Jeongjo, the 22nd monarch of the Joseon Dynasty, the ship represents the fourth Aegis-equipped destroyer constructed in South Korea 1. The construction of the Jeongjo the Great followed a 2019 contract with the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA), with the keel laid in October 2021 and the ship launched on July 28, 2022 1. The vessel underwent extensive trials and evaluations before its commissioning 1. The Jeongjo the Great plays a crucial role in strengthening South Korea’s naval power, particularly in countering ballistic missile threats from the North 1. It is a key component of the Navy’s Sea-Based Maneuvering Three-Axis System, a strategy designed to counter missile and nuclear threats in the region through integrated underwater capabilities, missile defenses, and strike operations 1.

2.2 Canadian Surface Combatant (CSC)

The Canadian Surface Combatant (CSC) project represents a major naval procurement initiative by the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) to replace both the retired Iroquois-class destroyers and the multi-role Halifax-class frigates 2. The plan involves the construction of 15 new multi-role ships, with Irving Shipbuilding selected as the builder 2. The design for the CSC is based on BAE Systems’ Type 26 Global Combat Ship, a modern anti-submarine warship currently under construction for the United Kingdom and Australia 2.

The CSC is envisioned as a highly versatile platform capable of conducting air, surface, sub-surface, and information warfare missions simultaneously in both open ocean and complex coastal environments 2.

These ships are intended to provide decisive combat power at sea and support a wide range of missions, including counter-piracy, counter-terrorism, interdiction, and humanitarian aid 2.

The CSC program is a cornerstone of Canada’s National Shipbuilding Strategy, aiming to modernize the RCN fleet and revitalize the domestic shipbuilding industry 10.

3. Detailed System-by-System Technical Comparison

3.1 Hull and Physical Characteristics

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great has a standard displacement of 8,500 tons and a full-load displacement of 10,000 tons, according to some sources 1. However, other reports indicate a full displacement of around 11,000 or even 12,000 tons 16. This variation likely reflects different reporting standards or the inclusion of specific operational loads. The ship measures 165 meters in length, with a beam of 21.4 meters and a draft of 6.25 meters 1. Some sources report a slightly longer length of 170 meters 4. The crew complement for the Jeongjo the Great is approximately 300 personnel 3.

The Canadian Surface Combatant has a reported displacement of 8,080 tonnes 8, with some sources citing 7,800 tonnes 2. These figures are consistently lower than the Jeongjo’s displacement, suggesting a smaller vessel. The CSC has a length of 151.4 meters and a beam of 20.75 meters, with a navigational draft of approximately 8 meters 2. The crew size for the CSC is planned to be around 210 personnel 2, with some estimates suggesting up to 204 2.

The Jeongjo the Great appears to be a larger vessel in terms of displacement and length, potentially providing more internal space for systems, crew accommodations, and future growth compared to the slightly narrower and deeper-drafted CSC.

The significantly smaller crew complement of the CSC could lead to lower personnel costs but might also impact operational workload and damage control capabilities an off-shore special forces deployment capability.

3.2 Propulsion Systems

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great is powered by a COGAG (Combined Gas and Gas) system consisting of four General Electric LM2500 gas turbines, producing a total power of 100,000 shaft horsepower (75 MW) driving two shafts 1. This propulsion arrangement allows the destroyer to achieve speeds exceeding 30 knots, with a range of 5,500 nautical miles and an endurance of 30 days 1.

Notably, the Jeongjo the Great features a hybrid propulsion system that enhances fuel efficiency during non-combat operations 1. This suggests a design that prioritizes both high-speed performance when necessary and fuel economy for extended deployments.

In contrast, the Canadian Surface Combatant utilizes a CODLOG (Combined Diesel-Electric or Gas) propulsion system. This system integrates two GE electric motors, one Rolls Royce MT 30 gas turbine, and four Rolls Royce MTU diesel generators 2. The CSC has a stated maximum speed of 27 knots and a range of 7,000 nautical miles 2.

CODLOG systems typically offer better fuel efficiency at lower speeds compared to COGAG, potentially leading to a longer operational range and reduced fuel consumption over time. However, the reported top speed of the CSC is lower than that of the Jeongjo the Great. The choice of propulsion system reflects potentially different operational priorities, with the Jeongjo prioritizing higher speed and the CSC emphasizing fuel economy and range.

3.3 Combat Management Systems

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great is equipped with the advanced Aegis Combat System Baseline 9. C2 ‘KII’ 1. This modern version of the Aegis system offers sophisticated capabilities in integrated air and missile defense, enabling the ship to detect, track, and engage multiple threats simultaneously.

The Canadian Surface Combatant will also utilize the Aegis Combat System, integrated with the Canadian Tactical Interface (CTI) 2. The integration of CTI suggests a customization of the Aegis system to meet specific Canadian operational requirements and to enhance interoperability with allied navies.

While both ships employ the highly regarded Aegis Combat System, the Jeongjo the Great’s explicit mention of Baseline 9 indicates a more current version.

The specific Baseline of the Aegis system for the CSC is not detailed in the provided snippets, which is a crucial factor for a comprehensive comparison.

3.4 Radar Systems

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great‘s primary radar system is the AN/SPY-1D(V) multi-function radar (MFR) 1. This is a well-established and powerful radar system known for its ability to simultaneously track numerous targets and provide missile guidance 25. The AN/SPY-1D(V) is also used on the US Navy’s Arleigh Burke-class destroyers 21. Additional radar systems on the Jeongjo the Great include the AN/SPG-62 fire control radar, the K/SPS-540K radar for 3D surface-to-air and surface-to-surface target indication, and the AN/SPS-67(V)1 and AN/SPS-64(V)9 radars for surface search and navigation 3.

The Canadian Surface Combatant will feature a more advanced radar suite, headlined by the Solid State 3D Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) Radar – LMC SPY-7 8. The SPY-7 is described as a next-generation radar technology that offers superior performance compared to traditional SPY-1 radars in detecting and tracking sophisticated ballistic missile and advanced air threats 26.

It is a modular and scalable software-defined digital solid-state radar that is interoperable with other radars and platforms and fully compatible with the Aegis Combat System 26.

The CSC will also be equipped with a Solid State AESA Target Illuminator from MDA, as well as X- and S-band navigation radars 2. The Canadian Surface Combatant appears to hold a significant advantage in radar technology with its SPY-7 AESA radar.

AESA radars generally provide enhanced capabilities against stealth targets, greater resistance to electronic countermeasures, and the ability to perform multiple functions concurrently.

While the AN/SPY-1D(V) on the Jeongjo the Great is a proven and reliable system, the SPY-7 represents a more modern and potentially more capable technology.

3.5 Sonar Systems

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great is equipped with the DSQS-21BZ-M hull-mounted sonar and the SQR-220K towed array sonar system (TASS) for underwater detection and tracking 3. Notably, the Jeongjo the Great also features a domestically developed integrated sonar system 1. This suggests potential advancements in its anti-submarine warfare capabilities, although specific details regarding this system are limited in the provided information.

The Canadian Surface Combatant will incorporate a comprehensive integrated underwater warfare system. This includes the Towed Low Frequency Active & Passive Sonar (TLFAS) from Ultra Electronics, which is a variable depth sonar known for its effectiveness in detecting quieter submarines at longer ranges 2.

The CSC will also have the Ultra Electronics Sonar S2150 hull-mounted sonar, as well as the Ultra Electronics SEA SENTOR S21700 towed torpedo countermeasures 2.

Additionally, the CSC will be equipped with a Sonobuoy Processing System from General Dynamics and expendable acoustic countermeasures 8. The Canadian Surface Combatant appears to possess a more extensive and potentially more advanced suite of sonar systems, particularly with the inclusion of the TLFAS variable depth sonar and dedicated towed torpedo countermeasures.

While the Jeongjo the Great has a domestically developed integrated sonar system, the specific capabilities and advantages compared to the CSC’s suite require further detailed information.

3.6 Armament Suites

3.6.1 Missile Vertical Launch Systems (VLS)

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great has a total of 88 vertical launch system (VLS) cells. This includes 48 cells of the Mk 41 Vertical Launching System located forward, which is a standard US Navy system capable of accommodating a wide range of missiles 1. Aft of the superstructure, the Jeongjo the Great features a 16-cell Korean Vertical Launching System (K-VLS) and a 24-cell Korean Vertical Launching System-II (KVLS-II) 3.

The KVLS-II is a newer, enlarged version of the indigenous VLS, designed to accommodate larger and more versatile missile payloads, including long-range precision-strike missiles and potentially submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) 1.

It is important to note that the Batch-II ships have a reduced number of total VLS cells (88) compared to the Batch-I Sejong the Great-class destroyers, which had 128 cells 1.

The Canadian Surface Combatant, in contrast, has a significantly smaller missile capacity with only 24 cells of the Mk 41 Vertical Launch System 2. This substantial difference in VLS capacity suggests that the Jeongjo the Great has a much greater potential for carrying a larger and more diverse array of missiles compared to the CSC 31. The inclusion of both the Mk 41 and the indigenous K-VLS and KVLS-II on the Jeongjo the Great also provides greater flexibility in terms of the types of missiles that can be deployed.

3.6.2 Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM)

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great can deploy a variety of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) from its VLS cells. From the Mk 41 VLS, it can fire SM-2 Block IIIB, SM-3, and SM-6 missiles 3. The SM-3 provides a critical ballistic missile defense (BMD) capability 1, while the SM-6 offers extended-range air defense and anti-surface warfare capabilities 1. The indigenous K-VLS can launch the K-SAAM (Sea Bow) for shorter-range air defense 1, and the KVLS-II is designed to fire the Cheongung 3 (L-SAM), a long-range surface-to-air missile 1. There is also the potential for the Jeongjo the Great to carry KM-SAM from its K-VLS 19.

The Canadian Surface Combatant’s air defense missile suite includes the Raytheon Standard Missile 2 for area air defense and the Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM) Block II, which will be quad-packed in its Mk 41 VLS cells for point defense 2. For close-in air defense, the CSC will utilize the MBDA Sea Ceptor system 2 and the RIM-116 Block II Close-In Air Defence System (CIADS) 8.

The Jeongjo the Great appears to have a more extensive and longer-ranged air defense missile arsenal, particularly with the inclusion of dedicated BMD interceptors (SM-3) and extended-range SAMs (SM-6, Cheongung 3). The CSC focuses on area and point defense with a smaller overall missile capacity.

3.6.3 Anti-Ship Missiles (AShM)

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great is armed with eight SSM-700K Haeseong anti-ship missiles, launched from two quadruple launchers 3. These missiles provide a significant offensive capability against surface vessels.

The Canadian Surface Combatant will be equipped with eight Kongsberg Naval Strike Missiles, housed in two quad box launchers 2. Both ships are equipped with modern anti-ship missiles, and a detailed comparison of their specific range, speed, and warhead capabilities would be necessary for a complete assessment of their relative effectiveness in anti-surface warfare.

3.6.4 Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Capabilities

For anti-submarine warfare, the ROKS Jeongjo the Great can deploy the K-ASROC Red Shark anti-submarine missile from its K-VLS, providing a stand-off engagement capability against underwater threats 1. The ship can also deploy long-range torpedoes and is equipped with K-745 Blue Shark lightweight torpedoes launched from two triple torpedo tubes 1. The ability to operate MH-60R Seahawk helicopters further enhances its underwater threat detection and response capabilities 1.

The Canadian Surface Combatant will have a comprehensive suite of ASW systems. It will carry Lightweight Torpedoes MK54, launched from twin launch tubes 2, and potentially the Mk 54 MAKO Torpedo 8. The CSC’s advanced sonar suite, including the TLFAS variable depth sonar, hull-mounted sonar, and the ability to process sonobuoys, suggests a strong emphasis on detecting and tracking submarines 2. While both ships possess significant ASW capabilities, the CSC’s more extensive and modern sonar suite, particularly the TLFAS, might provide it with a tactical advantage in detecting and engaging quiet submarines.

3.6.5 Land Attack Cruise Missiles (LACM) and Ballistic Missiles (SLBM)

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great has the capability to launch the Haeryong Tactical Surface Launch Missile, a land attack cruise missile, from its K-VLS 3. Batch-I ships of the Sejong the Great-class could also fire Hyunmoo-3C land attack cruise missiles, potentially from their Mk 41 VLS, although it is unclear if this capability is retained in the Batch-II 18. Most significantly, the KVLS-II on the Jeongjo the Great is designed to accommodate larger missiles, including the potential for launching Hyunmoo IV-2 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) 17. This SLBM capability would provide a significant strategic advantage.

The Canadian Surface Combatant’s land attack capabilities are less explicitly defined in the snippets. It is mentioned that the CSC will have a Naval Fire Support Missile 12, the specific type of which is not detailed. There is also the potential for the CSC to be armed with BGM-109 Block V Tomahawk cruise missiles 8. Based on the available information, the Jeongjo the Great currently appears to have a more robust land attack capability, especially with the confirmed Haeryong LACM and the potential for SLBMs, offering a significant offensive strike option.

3.6.6 Naval Guns

Both ships are equipped with a main naval gun. The ROKS Jeongjo the Great features one 5 inch (127 mm)/L62 caliber Mk 45 Mod 4 naval gun 3. The Canadian Surface Combatant will be armed with one 127mm Leonardo Vulcano naval gun 2. Both guns are of a similar caliber, and a detailed comparison of their range, rate of fire, and the types of ammunition they can employ would be needed for a full evaluation.

3.6.7 Close-In Weapon Systems (CIWS)

For close-in defense against air and surface threats, the ROKS Jeongjo the Great is equipped with one 30 mm Phalanx CIWS (Close-In Weapon System) 3. Batch-I ships also had a 21-cell Mk 49 RAM (Rolling Airframe Missile) launcher, and it is possible this is also present on the Jeongjo the Great 18.

The Canadian Surface Combatant will utilize the MBDA Sea Ceptor, which is also described as a Close-In Air Defence System 2. Additionally, the CSC will have two stabilized rapid-fire 30mm naval gun systems, specifically Leonardo Lionfish 30 mm autocannons 2. The Jeongjo the Great relies on the well-established Phalanx system, while the CSC employs Sea Ceptor and two 30mm rapid-fire guns, potentially offering more versatile engagement options against a wider range of close-in threats.

3.6.8 Torpedo Launchers

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great has two triple 12.75″ torpedo tubes designed to fire Blue Shark lightweight torpedoes for anti-submarine warfare 18. The Canadian Surface Combatant is equipped with two twin 324 mm (13 in) torpedo tubes that are auto-loaded and will fire Mk 54 MAKO torpedoes 2. Both ships have comparable torpedo launching capabilities for engaging underwater threats.

3.7 Electronic Warfare (EW) and Countermeasures

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great’s electronic warfare suite includes the LIG Nex1 SLQ-200K Sonata system 3. It is also equipped with DAGAIE Mk2 LIR Flare and LEM Chaff decoys, as well as an AN/SLQ-25 Nixie towed decoy 16. These systems provide capabilities for electronic support measures, electronic countermeasures, and protection against missile threats.

The Canadian Surface Combatant appears to have a more comprehensive and potentially more advanced electronic warfare and countermeasures suite. This includes Radar/Radio ESM Frequency Identification, a Laser Warning and Countermeasures System, Radio Frequency and Electronic Jammers, and an Electronic Decoy System 2.

The CSC will also be fitted with the Raytheon AN/SLQ-32(V)6 electronic warfare suite and the BAE Systems Mk 53 Nulka decoy system, which is known for its effectiveness against anti-ship missiles 8.

Additionally, the CSC incorporates the Ultra Electronics SEA SENTOR S21700 towed torpedo countermeasures and expendable acoustic countermeasures 2. The inclusion of a laser warning system and the Nulka decoy system suggests a potentially superior capability for the CSC in countering a wider range of electronic threats and incoming missiles.

3.8 Aviation Capabilities

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great has the capacity to support two helicopters, typically either Super Lynx or MH-60R Seahawk maritime helicopters 1. The MH-60R enhances the ship’s long-range strike and underwater threat detection and response capabilities 5. The ship features a hangar and a helipad to support these aviation assets 3.

The Canadian Surface Combatant is designed to operate one CH-148 Cyclone helicopter, which can be armed with torpedoes and a general-purpose machine gun 2. The CSC also has space for embarking Remotely Piloted Systems (RPS) or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), indicating a focus on future unmanned capabilities 2. The ship is equipped with a Helo Hauldown and Traverse System from Indal Technologies Inc. (ASIST), a large Chinook-capable flight deck, and an enclosed hangar 8.

The Jeongjo the Great’s ability to carry two helicopters offers greater operational flexibility, potentially allowing for simultaneous missions or enhanced redundancy. The CSC’s design accommodates a larger helicopter and includes provisions for UAVs, suggesting a forward-looking approach to integrating unmanned systems into naval operations.

3.9 Stealth Features and Design

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great incorporates stealth design principles aimed at reducing its radar cross-section (RCS) 1. It is reported to have improved stealth capabilities compared to the earlier Batch-I Sejong the Great-class destroyers 5. The Canadian Surface Combatant‘s design is based on BAE’s Type 26 warship, which also incorporates modern stealth features to minimize detection by enemy sensors 13. Both ships prioritize stealth to enhance their survivability and operational effectiveness. Specific details regarding the level of RCS reduction achieved by each design would require more in-depth technical information.

4. Comparative Performance Analysis Across Mission Areas

4.1 Air Defense

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great provides robust air defense capabilities, with area defense provided by SM-2, SM-6, and the long-range Cheongung 3 missiles. Point defense is covered by the K-SAAM and potentially RAM. A significant aspect is its ballistic missile defense capability with the SM-3 interceptor. The Aegis Baseline 9 combat system enhances the ship’s ability to track and engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously 1.

The Canadian Surface Combatant offers area air defense with the SM-2 missile and point defense through the ESSM and Sea Ceptor systems. Its Aegis combat system, integrated with the Canadian Tactical Interface, and the advanced SPY-7 AESA radar provide sophisticated detection and tracking of a wide range of air threats 2.

The Jeongjo the Great appears to have a stronger emphasis on long-range air defense and a distinct advantage in ballistic missile defense. The CSC, while lacking explicit mention of dedicated BMD interceptors in the provided snippets, benefits from a more advanced radar system that offers enhanced detection and tracking capabilities.

4.2 Anti-Submarine Warfare

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great utilizes both hull-mounted and towed array sonar systems for detecting submarines. Its K-ASROC provides a stand-off anti-submarine engagement capability, and it can deploy long-range torpedoes. The ability to operate MH-60R helicopters further enhances its ASW capabilities. The domestically developed integrated sonar system suggests a dedicated focus on this mission area 1.

The Canadian Surface Combatant is equipped with a comprehensive integrated underwater warfare system, including the advanced TLFAS variable depth sonar, a hull-mounted sonar, towed torpedo countermeasures, and a sonobuoy processing system.

The operation of the CH-148 Cyclone helicopter also contributes significantly to its ASW capabilities 2. The CSC appears to have a more integrated and potentially more advanced ASW suite, particularly with the inclusion of the TLFAS, which is highly effective against quiet submarines.

4.3 Anti-Surface Warfare

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great is armed with SSM-700K Haeseong anti-ship missiles and a 5-inch naval gun. The potential for its SM-6 missiles to also engage surface targets adds to its anti-surface warfare capabilities 3. The Canadian Surface Combatant is equipped with Kongsberg Naval Strike Missiles and a 127mm naval gun 2. Both ships possess credible anti-surface warfare capabilities. The relative effectiveness would depend on a detailed comparison of the specific characteristics of their respective anti-ship missiles and naval guns.

4.4 Ballistic Missile Defense

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great is explicitly designed with ballistic missile defense as a key mission, equipped with SM-3 interceptor missiles and the Aegis Baseline 9 combat system specifically enhanced for BMD 1. This capability is crucial for South Korea in addressing regional ballistic missile threats.

The Canadian Surface Combatant’s SPY-7 radar is stated to have the ability to detect, track, and engage sophisticated ballistic missile threats 26. However, the provided snippets do not explicitly mention the inclusion of BMD interceptor missiles such as the SM-3.

While the SPY-7 radar’s capabilities are significant, the Jeongjo the Great has a clear and stated advantage in ballistic missile defense due to its dedicated armament with SM-3 missiles.

4.5 Land Attack Capabilities

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great possesses a notable land attack capability with the Haeryong tactical surface launch missile. It also has the potential to deploy Hyunmoo-3C LACMs and, most significantly, Hyunmoo IV-2 SLBMs, offering a strategic strike option 3.

The Canadian Surface Combatant will have a Naval Fire Support Missile, although the specific type is not identified. There is also the potential for it to be armed with BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles 8. Currently, the Jeongjo the Great appears to have a more defined and potentially longer-ranged land attack capability, particularly with the prospective SLBM deployment.

4.6 Command and Control Capabilities

Both ships feature advanced command and control systems. The ROKS Jeongjo the Great utilizes the Aegis Combat System Baseline 9. C2 1. The Canadian Surface Combatant employs the Aegis Combat System integrated with the Canadian Tactical Interface and the USN Cooperative Engagement Capability, facilitating sensor netting and enhanced interoperability with allied forces. It also features an Integrated Cyber Defence System 2. Both systems provide sophisticated command, control, and situational awareness capabilities. The CSC’s emphasis on interoperability through the CTI and Cooperative Engagement Capability is a notable aspect.

5. Cost Analysis and Procurement Considerations

5.1 Ship Acquisition Costs

The acquisition cost for the Batch-I Sejong the Great-class destroyers, the predecessors of the Jeongjo the Great, was approximately $923 million per ship 19. While the specific cost of the Batch-II vessels, including the Jeongjo, is not explicitly stated in the provided snippets, it is reasonable to assume a comparable or somewhat higher cost due to the incorporated upgrades and advanced capabilities. Furthermore, the development of a new ship-to-surface ballistic missile specifically for these ships will involve an investment of US$467 million between 2024 and 2036 33.

The Canadian Surface Combatant project has a significantly higher projected overall cost. The acquisition of 15 ships is estimated to be between $56-$60 billion 7, but various reports have indicated potential increases, with estimates reaching $77.3 billion in 2021 8 and $84.5 billion in 2022 36. This translates to a considerably higher per-unit acquisition cost for the CSC compared to the Jeongjo the Great.

5.2 Life-Cycle Costs

The life-cycle costs for the ROKS Jeongjo the Great are not detailed in the provided research material. However, the Canadian Surface Combatant program has an estimated total life cycle cost of $306.0 billion over a 65-year period 34. This figure encompasses development, acquisition, operations and sustainment, and disposal of the 15 ships. The extremely high projected life-cycle cost of the CSC is a critical factor that requires thorough justification in terms of the ship’s capabilities and its long-term strategic value for Canada.

5.3 Procurement Timelines and Development Status

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great, the first ship of its class, was commissioned in November 2024 and is now operational 1. The second and third vessels of the Batch-II are scheduled for launch in 2025 and expected to be delivered in 2026 and 2027, respectively 1.

The Canadian Surface Combatant program is in a different stage of development. While construction on a production test module began in June 2024, the first ship is not projected to enter production until the 2024-2025 time-frame and is expected to be delivered to the Royal Canadian Navy in 2031-2032. The delivery of the final, fifteenth ship is anticipated in 2048-2049 36.

The CSC program has experienced significant delays and cost increases throughout its planning and development process 8. The ROKS Jeongjo the Great offers the advantage of immediate availability, while the Canadian Surface Combatant program faces a lengthy procurement timeline with potential for further delays.

5.4 Industrial Benefits and Strategic Considerations

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great was designed and constructed domestically in South Korea by HD Hyundai Heavy Industries, contributing significantly to the country’s shipbuilding industry and naval modernization efforts 1. This indigenous development aligns with South Korea’s strategic goals of enhancing its defense capabilities and potentially becoming a leader in naval technology export 5.

The Canadian Surface Combatant project is a key component of Canada’s National Shipbuilding Strategy, aimed at revitalizing the Canadian shipbuilding industry, sustaining and creating thousands of high-skill jobs 7. The design of the CSC is based on the UK’s Type 26 Global Combat Ship, which could offer potential benefits in terms of interoperability with the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy, which are also procuring variants of this design 41. However, relying on a foreign design also raises considerations regarding technology transfer and domestic control over future modifications and upgrades.

6. Best-in-Class Assessment and Recommendation

6.1 Summary of Strengths and Weaknesses of Each Ship

The ROKS Jeongjo the Great presents several key strengths, including a larger missile capacity with 88 VLS cells, incorporating advanced K-VLS and KVLS-II capable of launching larger and more versatile missiles, potentially including SLBMs. It has a strong focus on ballistic missile defense with its SM-3 interceptors and offers longer-ranged air defense capabilities with SM-6 and Cheongung 3. The ship is already commissioned and operational, providing immediate availability. Its acquisition cost per unit is lower than that of the CSC. However, its radar technology (AN/SPY-1D(V)) is older compared to the SPY-7, and its anti-submarine warfare suite might be less comprehensive than that of the CSC.

The Canadian Surface Combatant’s strengths lie in its more advanced SPY-7 AESA radar and a potentially more comprehensive and advanced ASW suite with TLFAS. Its design incorporates modern stealth features, and the integration with the Canadian Tactical Interface allows for tailored operations. However, it has a significantly lower missile capacity with only 24 VLS cells. Its ballistic missile defense capability is less explicitly defined in terms of interceptor missiles. The CSC also faces a much higher projected acquisition and life-cycle cost and is currently experiencing significant delays in its procurement timeline.

6.2 Overall Performance Scoring (System by System)

1) ROKS Jeongjo the Great (KDX-III Batch II)

Hull & Physical Characteristics

Displacement: ~10,000 tons (full load)
Length: ~165 m
Notable Feature: Larger hull, offering more internal volume

Propulsion

Type: COGAG (Combined Gas turbine And Gas turbine)
Speed: >30 knots
Range: ~5,500 nm

Combat Management & Sensors

CMS: Aegis Baseline 9.C2
Primary Radar: AN/SPY-1D(V)
Sonar: Hull-mounted + Towed Array (integrated)

Primary Armament & Missile Counts

VLS Cells: 88 total (Mk 41 + K-VLS + K-VLS-II)
Can fire SM-2, SM-3, SM-6, Cheongung 3 (K-BMD), K-ASROC, and Haeryong LACM
Anti-Ship Missiles: 16 canister-launched SSM-700K Haeseong (typical fit)
Naval Gun: 1 × 127 mm Mk 45 Mod 4
Close-In Defense: 1 × Phalanx CIWS (Block 1B); potential RIM-116 RAM launcher (21 missiles)
Torpedoes: 2 triple 324 mm tubes (Blue Shark torpedoes)
Aviation Hangar/Deck for up to 2 helicopters
Stealth & EW Stealth shaping (medium-high) EW Suite: SLQ-200K Sonata + decoys
Acquisition Cost Per Unit: ~$923 million (Batch I estimate)
Procurement Timeline Commissioned: 2024

2) Canadian Surface Combatant (CSC)

Hull & Physical Characteristics

Displacement: ~8,080 tonnes (full load)
Length: ~151.4 m
Notable Feature: Based on Type 26 Global Combat Ship design
Propulsion Type: CODLOG (Combined Diesel-electric Or Gas)
Speed: ~27 knots
Range: ~7,000 nm

Combat Management & Sensors

CMS: Aegis with Canada-specific Combat System Integration (CTI)
Primary Radar: LMC SPY-7 AESA (advanced technology)
Sonar: TLFAS (Towed Low Frequency Active Sonar), hull-mounted sonar, and towed torpedo countermeasures

Primary Armament & Missile Counts

VLS Cells: 24 Mk 41 cells (for SM-2, ESSM, possible Tomahawk)
Point-Defense Missiles: Sea Ceptor (CAMM) – often carried in dedicated launchers (up to 48 possible in Type 26 designs)
Anti-Ship Missiles: ~8 canister-launched Kongsberg NSM (typical fit)
Close-In Defense: 1 × RIM-116 RAM launcher (21 missiles), or additional point-defense fits depending on final configuration 2 × 30 mm guns
Naval Gun: 1 × 127 mm Leonardo “Vulcano”
Torpedoes: 2 triple 324 mm tubes (Mk 54 torpedoes)
Aviation Hangar/Deck for 1 helicopter + UAV capability
Stealth & EW Stealth shaping (medium-high) EW Suite: SLQ-32(V)6, Nulka decoys, laser warning receivers
Acquisition Cost Per Unit: ~$5.6 – $6.3 billion (estimated)
Procurement Timeline First Delivery: ~2031–2032

6.3 Suitability for User’s Specific Procurement Needs

For a navy prioritizing ballistic missile defense and a high missile capacity for sustained combat operations, the ROKS Jeongjo the Great appears to be a strong contender.

Its explicit BMD capability with SM-3 missiles and its significantly larger VLS capacity offer a strategic advantage in regions with ballistic missile threats (approaching Canada soon).

The already operational status of the Jeongjo the Great also provides immediate availability, which may be a critical factor. The lower acquisition cost per unit could allow for the procurement of a larger fleet within a given budget.

Conversely, if the primary focus is on anti-submarine warfare and leveraging the most advanced radar technology for comprehensive situational awareness, the Canadian Surface Combatant presents a compelling option.

Its state-of-the-art SPY-7 AESA radar and its integrated underwater warfare system, including the TLFAS sonar, suggest superior capabilities in these areas.

The CSC’s design also incorporates modern stealth features and emphasizes interoperability with key allies. However, the significantly higher cost per unit and the substantial delays in the procurement timeline are major considerations. The lower missile capacity might also be a limiting factor in high-threat environments.

6.4 Final Recommendation

Based on the comprehensive analysis, if the primary procurement objective is to acquire a destroyer with robust ballistic missile defense capabilities, a high missile capacity, and immediate operational readiness at a potentially lower cost, the ROKS Jeongjo the Great appears to be the more suitable option. Its strengths in BMD and missile capacity align well with countering significant missile threats.

However, if the paramount concern is to possess a destroyer with the most advanced radar technology and superior anti-submarine warfare capabilities, and if budget and procurement timelines are less restrictive, the Canadian Surface Combatant could be considered, despite its lower missile capacity and higher cost. The SPY-7 radar offers a significant technological advantage, and its ASW suite is potentially more advanced.

Ultimately, the “best-in-class” ship depends on the specific strategic needs, operational requirements, and budgetary constraints of the procuring nation. A thorough evaluation of these factors, alongside further detailed analysis of specific system performance characteristics, is crucial for making a definitive procurement decision.

7. Conclusion

This report has provided a detailed comparative analysis of the ROKS Jeongjo the Great and the Canadian Surface Combatant across various military and naval analysis categories. The Jeongjo the Great offers a larger missile capacity, a strong focus on ballistic missile defense, and immediate operational availability at a lower acquisition cost.

The Canadian Surface Combatant boasts a more advanced radar system and a potentially superior anti-submarine warfare suite, but at a significantly higher cost and with substantial procurement delays.

The final recommendation hinges on aligning the strengths of each ship with the specific priorities of the procuring navy.

For nations prioritizing BMD and high missile capacity, the Jeongjo the Great presents a strong case.

For those emphasizing advanced radar and ASW capabilities, and with greater budgetary flexibility, the Canadian Surface Combatant might be considered.

The decision-making process must carefully weigh these factors against the overarching strategic objectives and financial limitations.

ESSENTIAL NOTE:

Earlier reports and discussions on the Canadian surface Combatant mentioned the possibility of a 24-cell VLS configuration. However, more recent design concepts for the Canadian Surface Combatant have moved towards a 32-cell VLS system. This change reflects evolving requirements and the desire for greater flexibility in missile mix and operational capabilities. That said, it’s important to note that the final configuration could still be adjusted.

The current design concept for the Canadian Surface Combatant calls for a 32-cell vertical launch system (VLS). This configuration is intended to support a flexible mix of missile types — ranging from anti-air to land-attack missiles — thereby enhancing the vessel’s multi-role capabilities. It’s important to note that as the project continues to evolve, certain design details, including the exact number of VLS cells, could be subject to revision.

Many ships in the Sejong the Great-class destroyer family are known for their large VLS capacity — typically around 128 cells — making them among the most heavily armed in terms of missile options.

Recent reports indicate that the second batch of these destroyers did see a revision, with the VLS count being reduced from 128 cells down to 88 cells.

Appendix: Comparative Performance Evaluation

1. Evaluation Criteria & Assigned Weights

Using our framework, we reassessed the following subsystems with adjusted weights:

Propulsion & Power (15%)
Combat Systems (Offensive/Defensive Weapons) (40%)
Sensor & C3 (Combined) (15%)
Electronic Warfare & Cyber Defense (10%)
Survivability & Damage Control (10%)
Logistics, Maintenance & Future-Proofing (10%)

For each subsystem, we assign a score (1–10 stars) based on key technical and operational attributes. The weighted scores are then summed to yield an overall performance rating.

2. Performance Evaluation (Using Bullet Points)

Propulsion & Power (15%) ROKS Jeongjo the Great: 8/10 Explanation: Its COGAG system delivers higher speed (>30 knots) with a hybrid boost. Canadian Surface Combatant: 7/10 Explanation: The CSC’s CODLOG provides a longer range (7,000 nm) but at a slower pace.
Combat Systems (40%) ROKS Jeongjo the Great: 9/10 Explanation: With 88 VLS cells and dedicated BMD capability (SM-3, Cheongung 3), the Jeongjo offers superior missile capacity and offensive versatility. Canadian Surface Combatant: 6/10 Explanation: The CSC is limited by a 24-cell configuration and a less versatile missile suite.
Sensor & C3 (15%) ROKS Jeongjo the Great: 8/10 Explanation: Assuming an upgrade to the SPY-7 radar, the Jeongjo would achieve a higher score than with the older AN/SPY-1D(V). Canadian Surface Combatant: 8.5/10 Explanation: It already features an advanced SPY-7 AESA radar and modern C3 integration.
Electronic Warfare & Cyber Defense (10%) ROKS Jeongjo the Great: 7/10 Canadian Surface Combatant: 8/10 Explanation: CSC’s comprehensive EW suite (including SLQ-32(V)6, Nulka decoys, and laser warning receivers) offers enhanced countermeasure options.
Survivability & Damage Control (10%) ROKS Jeongjo the Great: 8/10 Canadian Surface Combatant: 8/10 Explanation: Both ships feature modern stealth shaping and robust damage control measures.
Logistics, Maintenance & Future-Proofing (10%) ROKS Jeongjo the Great: 7.5/10 Explanation: Benefits from an established, operational design and a larger crew for redundancy. Canadian Surface Combatant: 7.5/10 Explanation: Offers modern design features but faces procurement delays.

3. Weighted Score Calculation

ROKS Jeongjo the Great:

Propulsion & Power: 8 × 0.15 = 1.2
Combat Systems: 9 × 0.40 = 3.6
Sensor & C3: 8 × 0.15 = 1.2
Electronic Warfare & Cyber Defense: 7 × 0.10 = 0.7
Survivability & Damage Control: 8 × 0.10 = 0.8
Logistics, Maintenance & Future-Proofing: 7.5 × 0.10 = 0.75
Total Weighted Score: 1.2 + 3.6 + 1.2 + 0.7 + 0.8 + 0.75 ≈ 8.25/10

Canadian Surface Combatant:

Propulsion & Power: 7 × 0.15 = 1.05
Combat Systems: 6 × 0.40 = 2.4
Sensor & C3: 8.5 × 0.15 = 1.275
Electronic Warfare & Cyber Defense: 8 × 0.10 = 0.8
Survivability & Damage Control: 8 × 0.10 = 0.8
Logistics, Maintenance & Future-Proofing: 7.5 × 0.10 = 0.75
Total Weighted Score: 1.05 + 2.4 + 1.275 + 0.8 + 0.8 + 0.75 ≈ 7.08/10

4. Summary & Implications

ROKS Jeongjo the Great:

Overall Score: Approximately 8.25/10
Implication: With enhanced combat systems and a potential sensor upgrade to SPY-7, the Jeongjo excels in offensive capabilities and ballistic missile defense, making it exceptionally well-suited for highly challenging, high-intensity conflicts.
The destroyer excels in combat systems — especially in missile capacity and ballistic missile defense — making it highly suitable for high-intensity conflicts (e.g., potential WWIII scenarios, Singularity/Omega Point, Great Filter, Fourth Turning, Industry 4 Dystopias) where offensive and BMD capabilities are paramount.

Canadian Surface Combatant:

Overall Score: Approximately 7.08/10
Implication: Although strong in advanced sensor integration and EW, the CSC is constrained by a lower missile capacity and delayed operational availability, making it less competitive in direct, high-intensity combat scenarios.

Conclusion

Decision-Making Insights: For navies focused on direct, high-intensity engagements, where robust offensive capability and immediate ballistic missile defense are critical, ROKS Jeongjo the Great stands out as the superior option. Its potential upgrade to SPY-7 further narrows the gap in sensor capabilities, making it even more formidable in future naval warfare.
Strategic Consideration: Conversely, if modern sensor integration and a comprehensive EW suite are prioritized over sheer firepower — and if longer procurement timelines are acceptable — the Canadian Surface Combatant remains a viable candidate.

This revised performance evaluation framework, with its re-balanced weights and clear star ratings, provides an objective, side-by-side comparison that can help inform strategic procurement decisions for navies facing the challenges of future high-intensity conflicts.

Final Note:

It’s theoretically possible to upgrade the Korean destroyer to use the SPY-7 radar. Given the Korean navy’s history of integrating advanced technologies, incorporating SPY-7 — an advanced AESA radar with superior target detection, tracking, and resistance to electronic countermeasures — could significantly enhance its capabilities.

However, such an upgrade would require careful integration with the ship’s existing combat management systems and potential modifications in both hardware and software. Ultimately, while challenging, it is a feasible option if strategic priorities and budgetary considerations support it.

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